Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a serious global health concern due to its potential to cause chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and even death if not managed properly. The infection can be acute or chronic, depending on the body’s ability to clear the virus.

Mechanism of Infection:

Hepatitis B spreads through contact with infected blood or body fluids. Once inside the body, the virus travels to the liver and begins to multiply in the liver cells. The immune system then responds to fight the infection. If the immune system clears the virus effectively, the infection is acute and resolves on its own. However, in some individuals, especially infants and young children, the virus remains in the body and becomes chronic.

Modes of Transmission:

• From mother to child at birth

• Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner

• Sharing of needles or syringes

• Blood transfusions (rare in countries with strict screening)

• Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes that might have blood

  ses of Diagnosis and Treatment:

  • Diagnosis is done through blood tests that detect HBV surface antigens or antibodies.

  • Antiviral medications such as tenofovir or entecavir are used to manage chronic Hepatitis B.

  • Regular liver function tests and monitoring of viral load help assess the progression of the disease.

    Prevention:

    • Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Hepatitis B.

    • It is given in three doses and provides long-term protection.

    • Safe sex practices and proper hygiene help reduce transmission risks.

      Adverse Effects and Complications:

      If untreated or poorly managed, chronic Hepatitis B can lead to:

      • Liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)

      • Liver failure

      • Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

      • Death from liver-related complications